Skeletal System

Osteology

Adult skeleton

____________________________bones

Axial skeleton

____________________________ bones

Appendicular

____________________________ bones

occasional variations

Skeletal Functions

____________________________.

____________________________

Hemopoiesis – ____________________________

Types of bones

Long bones - ____________________________

Short bones - ____________________________

Flat bones - ____________________________

Irregular bones - ____________________________

Sesamoid bones - ____________________________

Types of bones

Long bones

____________________________

Ex. ____________________________

Types of bones

Short bones

____________________________

Ex. ____________________________

Types of bones

Flat bones

____________________________

Ex. ____________________________

Types of bones

Irregular bones

____________________________

Typical Bony Features

Diaphysis – ____________________________

Cortex - ____________________________

Periosteum - ____________________________

Endosteum - ____________________________

Medullary (marrow) cavity – ____________________________marrow

Typical Bony Features

Epiphysis – __________________________________________________

Epiphyseal plate - __________________________________________________

Articular (hyaline) cartilage – __________________________________________________

Bone Growth

Longitudinal growth __________________________________________________

__________________________________________________

Most close by age __________________________________________________

Growth in diameter __________________________________________________

Bone Growth

Internal layer of periosteum ______________________________________________

Simultaneously, __________________________________________________

Osteoblasts - __________________________________________________

Osteoclasts - __________________________________________________

Bone Properties

Composed of calcium carbonate, calcium phosphate, collagen, & water

60-70% of bone weight - __________________________________________________

25-30% of bone weight - __________________________________________________

______________________provides some flexibility & strength in resisting tension

Aging causes progressive loss of collagen & increases brittleness

Bone Properties

Most outer bone is cortical with __________________________________________________

Cortical bone – __________________________________________________

Cancellous – __________________________________________________

Cortical is stiffer & can withstand greater stress, but less strain than cancellous

Cancellous is spongier & can undergo greater strain before fracturing

Bone Properties

Bone size & shape are influenced by __________________________________________________

Bones reshape themselves __________________________________________________

Bone mass increases over time with increased stress

Bone Markings

Processes __________________________________________________

Condyle

Facet

Head

Bone Markings

Processes __________________________________________________

Crest

Epicondyle

Line

Process

Spine (spinous process)

Suture

Trochanter

Tubercle

Tuberosity

Bone Markings

Cavities __________________________________________________

--Facet

Foramen

Fossa

Fovea

Meatus

Sinus

Sulcus (groove)

Movements in Joints

Some joints permit only flexion & extension

others permit a wide range of movements, depending largely on the joint structure

Goniometer is used to measure amount of movement in a joint or measure joint angles

Range of Motion

measurable degree of movement potential in a joint or joints

measured with a goniometer

in degrees 0⁰ to 360⁰

Movements in Joints

Goniometer axis is placed even with the axis of rotation at the joint line

As joint is moved, goniometer arms are held in place either along or parallel to long axis of bones on either side of joint

Joint angle is then read from goniometer

Normal range of motion for a
particular joint varies in people

Movements in Joints

Terms are used to describe actual change in position of bones relative to each other

Angles between bones change

Movement occurs between articular surfaces of joint

ìFlexing the kneeî results in leg moving closer to thigh

ìflexion of the legî = flexion of the knee

Movements in Joints

Movement terms describe movement occurring throughout the full range of motion or through a very small range

Ex. 1 flex knee through full range by beginning in full knee extension (zero degrees of knee flexion) & flex it fully so that the heel comes in contact with buttocks, which is approximately 140 degrees of flexion

Movements in Joints

Ex. 2 begin with knee in 90 degrees of flexion & then flex it 30 degrees which results in a knee flexion angle of 120 degrees, even though the knee only flexed 30 degrees

In both ex. 1 & 2 knee is in different degrees of flexion

Movements in Joints

Ex. 3 begin with knee in 90 degrees of flexion and extend it 40 degrees, which would result in a flexion angle of 50 degrees

Even though the knee extended, it is still flexed

Movements in Joints

Some movement terms describe motion at several joints throughout body

Some terms are relatively specific to a joint or group of joints

Additionally, prefixes may be combined with these terms to emphasize excessive or reduced motion

hyper- or hypo-

Hyperextension is the most commonly used

Movement Terminology

GENERAL

Abduction

__________________________________________________

GENERAL

Adduction

__________________________________________________

GENERAL

Flexion

__________________________________________________

GENERAL

Extension

__________________________________________________

GENERAL

Circumduction

__________________________________________________

GENERAL

Diagonal abduction

__________________________________________________

Diagonal adduction

__________________________________________________

GENERAL

External rotation

__________________________________________________

GENERAL

Internal rotation

__________________________________________________

ANKLE & FOOT

Eversion

__________________________________________________

Inversion

__________________________________________________

ANKLE & FOOT

Dorsal flexion

__________________________________________________

Plantar flexion

__________________________________________________

RADIOULNAR JOINT

Pronation

__________________________________________________

Supination

__________________________________________________

SHOULDER GIRDLE & SHOULDER JOINT

Depression

__________________________________________________

Elevation

__________________________________________________

SHOULDER GIRDLE & SHOULDER JOINT

__________________________________________________

SHOULDER GIRDLE & SHOULDER JOINT

Horizontal adduction

__________________________________________________

also known as __________________________________________________

SHOULDER GIRDLE & SHOULDER JOINT

Protraction

__________________________________________________

Retraction

__________________________________________________

SHOULDER GIRDLE & SHOULDER JOINT

Rotation downward

__________________________________________________

Rotation upward

__________________________________________________

SPINE

Lateral flexion (side bending)

__________________________________________________

Reduction

__________________________________________________

WRIST & HAND

Palmar flexion

__________________________________________________

Dorsal flexion (dorsiflexion)

______________________________________________________________________

WRIST & HAND

Radial flexion (radial deviation)

__________________________________________________

Ulnar flexion (ulnar deviation)

__________________________________________________

WRIST & HAND

Opposition of the thumb

__________________________________________________

Classification of Joints

Articulation - __________________________________________________

3 major classifications according to structure & movement characteristics

__________________________________________________

Synarthrodial

__________________________________________________

Amphiarthrodial

__________________________________________________

Syndesmosis

Synchondrosis

Symphysis

Amphiarthrodial

Syndesmosis

__________________________________________________

Ex. __________________________________________________

Amphiarthrodial

Synchondrosis

__________________________________________________

Ex. __________________________________________________

Amphiarthrodial

Symphysis

__________________________________________________

Ex. __________________________________________________

Diarthrodial Joints

__________________________________________________

composed of __________________________________________________

secretes __________________________________________________

Diarthrodial Joints

__________________________________________________

Diarthrodial Joints

Articular or hyaline cartilage covers the articular surface ends of the bones inside the joint cavity

__________________________________________________

Diarthrodial Joints

Diarthrodial joints have motion possible in one or more planes

Degrees of freedom

motion in 1 plane = 1 degree of freedom

motion in 2 planes = 2 degrees of freedom

motion in 3 planes = 3 degrees of freedom

Diarthrodial Joints

six types

each has a different type of bony arrangement

Diarthrodial Joints

Arthrodial (Gliding) joints

__________________________________________________

Little motion possible in any 1 joint articulation

Usually work together in series of articulations

Diarthrodial Joints

Arthrodial (Gliding) joints

Ex. __________________________________________________

Motions are: __________________________________________________

__________________________________________________

Diarthrodial Joints

Ginglymus (Hinge) joint

a __________________________________________________

__________________________________________________

Ex. __________________________________________________

Diarthrodial Joints

Trochoid (Pivot) joint

__________________________________________________

Ex. __________________________________________________

Diarthrodial Joints

Condyloid (Knuckle Joint)

__________________________________________________

Diarthrodial Joints

Condyloid (Knuckle Joint)

EX. ____________________________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________

Diarthrodial Joints

Enarthrodial

__________________________________________________

Ex. __________________________________________________

Motions are __________________________________________________

Diarthrodial Joints

__________________________________________________